היסטוריית אוכלוסיות הערים הגדולות באירופה

מתוך המכלול, האנציקלופדיה היהודית
קפיצה לניווט קפיצה לחיפוש

במהלך מאות השנים האחרונות השתנתה מאד אוכלוסיית הערים הגדולות באירופה, והן עלו וירדו בגודלן ובהשפעתן.

טבלאות אלו מציגות אומדן של האוכלוסיה, מתקופת האבן ועד לעת החדשה.

ציר זמן: התקופה הנאוליתית – תקופת הברונזה – תקופת הברזל – יוון העתיקה – הרפובליקה הרומית (3760–1 לפנה"ס)

עיר 3000 ומעלה 3000 – 2500 2000 1600 1300 1000 700 600 500 – 400 300 200 100 – 1
אתונה 10,000 – 15,000 2,500 – 5,000 5,000 – 10,000 70,000 – 100,000 – 130,000 150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000 120,000 – 200,000 – 300,000 – 431,000 100,000 – 200,000 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
ארגוס הקדומה 600 – 1,200 5,000 – 10,000 30,000 – 60,000 [3][14][22][23][24][25]
אגינה 20,000 – 40,000 [26]
אקרוטירי (עיר פרהיסטורית)(אנ') 8,000 – 15,000 – 30,000 [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
אגריג'נטו 200,000 – 800,000 [36][37][38][39][40]
אווריקום(אנ') 40,000[41]
ביברקט 30,000[42]
צ'רווטרי(אנ') 25,000 – 40,000 [43][44][45][46][47]
קפואה 100,000 300,000 100,000 [48][49][50][51][52][53]
כירוקיטיה [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
קורינתוס 5,000[61] 50,000 – 90,000 – 100,000 [62][63][64]
קרוטונה 50,000 – 80,000 [65]
דוברובדי(אנ') 10,000 – 16,000 [66][67]
חומות דרינגטון 4,000 [68][69][70]
גורניה(אנ') 4,000 [71][72]
הונבורג(אנ') 10,000 [73][74][75][76]
איסכיה 5,000 – 10,000 [77][78][79]
קנוסוס 1,300 – 2,000 18,000 20,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 30,000 5,000 – 10,000 [3][14][27][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]
מיקנה 20,000[90] 30,000 – 35,000 [86][91]
מאניקה (יוון)(אנ') 6000 – 15,000 [89][92][93][94][95][96][97]
מאליה(אנ') 700 – 1,000 5,000 – 10,000 – 12.500 [27][87][89]
מיידאנטס(אנ') 10,000 – 29,000 – 46,000 [66][98][99]
פאליקסטרו(אנ') 18,000 [27][87]
פופולוניה(אנ') 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][100][101]
טרקוויניה 20,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][100][101]
ויי 25,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 [45][46][100][101][102][103][104]
וולסיני(אנ') 13,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][100][101]
וולצ'י(אנ') 15,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][100][101]
ספרטה 40,000 – 50,000 [2][105]
סירקיוז סיציליה 200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000 200,000 – 400,000 [40][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]
סיבריס(אנ') 100,000 – 300,000 [113][65][114][115][116][117]
טירינס 1,200 – 1,800 10,000 15,000 [89][118][119][62]
טרנטו 100,000 – 300,000 [53][120][121]
איטליה(אנ') 15,000 – 30,000 [67][122][123][124]
תבאי, יוון 4,000 – 6,000 8,000 30,000 – 60,000 [89][125]

[126][127][128][129]

האלפים 1,000 – 2,300 [130][131][132]
פבלופטרי(אנ') 500 2,000 [133][134]
רומא 3,145 – 7,400 24,240 – 60,600 80,000 130,000 250,000 – 300,000 350,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 [53][135][136][137][138]

[139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146]

רודוס 100,000 – 200,000 100,000 [20][21][147]

ציר זמן: האימפריה הרומית – העת החדשה (1800–1 לספירה)

עיר 1 – 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
אתונה 30,000 110,000 25,000 35,000 – 50,000 40,000 [148][149]
אקוויליה 100,000 100,000 [150][151]
אוגסבורג 25,000 – 50,000 25,000 – 50,000 12,000 50,000 30,000 – 50,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 26,000 28,000 – 32,000 [152][153][154][155][156][157][158]
אמלפי 80,000 [159]
אנטוורפן 5,000 20,000 100,000 – 200,000 46,000 – 90,000 75,000 [160][161][162][163][164]
ארל 75,000 – 100,000 [165][166][167]
אוטן 40,000 – 100,000 [168][169][170]
אמסטרדם 30,000 65,000 – 100,000 – 175,000 175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000 195,000 – 201,000 [163][171][172][173]
ברצלונה 50,000 60,000 – 70,000 100,000 [173][174][175][176]
ברוז' 50,000 125,000 – 200,000 [177][178]
בוקרשט 60,000 50,000 [179]
בריסל 30,000 100,000 100,000 70,000 [162][172][180]
בורדו 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 100,000 [181][182][183]
ברלין 6,000 12,000 20,000 172,000 [172][184]
בולוניה 35,000 50,000 – 70,000 [185][186][187]
בולגריה 25,000 – 30,000 50,000 [179]
קרנונטום 50,000 50,000 50,000 [188][189]
קדיס 100,000 87,000 [170][190]
קורינתוס 100,000 – 200,000 – 700,000 45,000 + in 856 AD.[191] [62][192][193][194][195]
קונסטנטינופול 400,000 400,00 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 250,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 70,000 100,000 400,000 – 660,000 700,000 300,000 – 700,000 400,000 – 570,000 [196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205]
קורדובה 45,000 350,000 60,000 [170][186][206]
קלן 40,000 40,000 15,000 – 20,000 21,000 20,000 21,000 – 50,000 50,000 – 60,000 50,000 – 60,000 40,000 45,000 40,000 50,000 [187][207][208][209][210][211]
דנציג 30,000 60,000 – 80,000 [152][212]
דבלין 1,000 – 2,000 4,000 – 5,000 10,000 20,000 75,000 200,000 [213][214][215][216]
אדירנה 10,000 28,000 125,000 160,000 – 183,000 93,000 100,000 [179]
פאודוסיה 40,000 85,000 – 88,000 50,000 40,000 36,000 – 44,000 [179]
פירנצה 15,000 50,000 – 60,000 80,000 – 120,000 70,000 70,000 [217][163][187][207][218][219]
ג'נואה 80,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 [217][163][187][220][221][222]
גנט 5,000 10,000 60,000 – 80,000 70,000 – 80,000 80,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000 [161][177][223][224][225][226][227][228][174]
גרנדה 26,000 150,000 100,000 70,000 [229][230][181]
המבורג 8,000 15,000 – 20,000 40,000 – 60,000 – 100,000 63,000 – 75,000 117,000 – 130,000 [152][154][158][212][172][231]
קייב 45,000 100,000 [232][233]
ליסבון 35,000 50,000 – 60,000 60,000 – 70,000 – 120,000 120,000 – 140,000 200,000 237,000 [190][234][235][236]
לונדון 30,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 10,000 – 12,000 20,000 – 25,000 10,000 – 20,000 20,000 – 25,000 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 120,000 225,000 – 410,000 550,000 – 700,000 861,000 – 1,000,000 [205][237][238][239][240][241][242][243][244]
ליונס (ליון) 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 12,000 20,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 100,000 150,000 [212][245][187][246][247][248][249][250]
ליובן 45,000 [251]
לובלין 40,000 – 70,000 [179]
ליבק 6,000 24,000 30,000 – 37,000 32,000 24,000 [179]
מדריד 60,000 105,000 182,000 [212][172][231]
מגדבורג 30,000 40,000 – 45,000 [152][211]
מרסיי 80,000 – 100,000 80,000 83,000 – 100,000 [212][172][173][231]
מיינץ 20,000 30,000 25,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 – 42,000 [252]
מסינה 100,000 [171][231][253]
מילאנו 40,000 40,000 100,000 90,000 200,000 125,000 100,000 180,000 113,000 122,000 – 250,000 [50][217][254][170][172][221][231][255][256][257][258]
מץ 40,000 25,000 40,000 [245][249][259]
מונפלייה 30,000 – 40,000 15,000 40,000 [245][260]
מוסקבה 20,000 – 30,000 30,000 – 40,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 270,000 [261][262]
נרבון 30,000 – 50,000 31,000 [168][187]
נאפולי 30,000 50,000 30,000 30,000 50,000 – 60,000 200,000 350,000 207,000 500,000 [217][172][187][263][264][265][266][267][268][269]
נים (עיר) 40,000 – 60,000 40,000 [245][270][271][272][273]
נירנברג 10,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 – 52,000 40,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 27,000 [154][156][158][231][274][275][276]
אוסטיה (עיר) 20,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 [277][278][279][280][281][282]
אוחריד 40,000 [179]
פלרמו 350,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 124,000 135,000 [171][172][283][236]
פריז 80,000 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 50,000 110,000 – 160,000 228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000 280,000 225,000 245,000 – 420,000 515,000 546,000 – 830,000 [187][205][284][285][286][245][287][288]
פדובה 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 40,000 [185][289]
פיליפי 100,000[290]
פליסקה 34,000 [179]
פלובדיב 20,000 20,000 30,000 [179]
פוזואלי(אנ') 50,000 – 100,000 [50][291][155]
פסקוב 35,000 52,000 – 60,000 [179]
פרסלב 60,000 60,000 [292]
פראג 10,000[293] 22,000 40,000 – 77,000 95,000 – 100,000 70,000 100,000 48,000 77,000 – 100,000 [294][172][295]
רגנסבורג 25,000 40,000 [254][249]
ריימס 30,000 – 50,000 30,000 [168][245]
רומא 1,650,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 100,000 90,000 40,000 – 50,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 – 55,000 90,000 – 110,000 120,000 – 150,000 150,000 [135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][163][196][296][297][298][299][300][301]
רוונה 50,000 50,000 [165]
רואן 10,000 30,000 40,000 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 63,000 80,000 – 90,000 [172][245][249][250][295][302][303]
סנקט פטרבורג 100,000+ 220,000 – 425,000 [173][304]
סלרנו 50,000 50,000 30,000 4,000 [187][283]
סמולנסק 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 25,000 50,000 64,000 40,000 [305][306]
סראי 100,00 – 600,000 [307]
שפייר 30,000+ 30,000 20,000 [179]
סביליה 90,000 150,000 25,000 100,000 – 300,000 80,000 96,000 [308][171][172][181]
סיינה 50,000 – 120,000[309] 25,000 [310]
סירקוזה 80,000 [170]
סלוניקי 200,000 50,000 40,000 150,000 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 [232][311][312][313][314][315]
טרקאי 50,000 [179]
טרנובו 48,000 35,000 [179]
טרגובישטה (רומניה) 25,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 45,000 – 60,000 [179]
טריר 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 15,000 20,000 [187][249][316][317][318][165]
טולוז 20,000 40,000 50,000 30,000 40,000 24,000 50,000 43,000 50,000 [319][251][245][320][321][322][323]
ונציה 60,000 80,000 110,000 – 180,000 110,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 170,000 200,000 140,000 140,000 [217][254][219][220][324]
ורונה 20,000 – 25,000 40,000 [325][326]
נובגורוד 10,000 – 15,000 – 18,000 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 – 400,000 50,000 [327][328][329][330]
וינה 15,000 – 20,000 15,000 – 20,000 12,000 20,000 24,000 45,000 30,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 100,000 – 113,000 250,000 [152][158][212][172][276][331][332][333]
וורמס 28,000 – 60,000 20,000 [179]
איפר 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 [187][182][334][335][336][337][338][339]

נתונים מהוהנברג וליס (1985)


1400
עיר אוכלוסיה
פריז 275,000
בורגס 125,000
מילאנו 125,000
ונציה 110,000
גנואה 100,000
גרנדה 100,000
פראג 95,000
גנט 70,000
רואן 70,000
סביליה 70,000



1700
עיר אוכלוסיה
קונסטנטינופול 700,000
לונדון 550,000
פריז 500,000
נאפולי 215,000
ליסבון 188,000
אמסטרדם 180,000
מוסקבה 150,000
ונציה 138,000
רומא 130,000
מילאנו 120,000
בלגרד 100,000
ליון 100,000
מדריד 100,000
וינה 100,000
מרסיי 100,000
סרייבו 100,000
גדנסק 100,000



1800
עיר אוכלוסיה
לונדון 1,000,000
פריז 600,000
נאפולי 426,000
מוסקבה 250,000
וינה 240,000
סנט פטרסבורג 220,000
אמסטרדם 220,000
דבלין 200,000
ליסבון 180,000
ברלין 172,000
ורשה* 120,000

*Warsaw data from 1792[340]

נתונים משנדלר (1987)

עיר מדינה 430 B.C. 200 B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 361 A.D. 500 A.D. 622
סביליה ספרד 37–40,000 40,000
לונדון הממלכה המאוחדת 30,000
סירקוזה, סיציליה איטליה 125,000 100,000 51–60,000 45–50,000
רומא איטליה 35,000 150,000 450,000 150,000 100,000 50,000
מילאנו איטליה 30,000 40,000
אתונה יון 155,000 75,000 75,000 50–60,000
קורינתוס יון 70,000 70,000 50,000
ביזנטיון/
קונסטנטינופול		 טורקיה 36,000 300,000 400,000 350,000
עיר מדינה 800 900 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575 1600 1650
לונדון הממלכה המאוחדת 15,000 25,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 74,000 112,000 187,000 410,000
ליסבון פורטוגל 15,000 15,000 15,000 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 55,000 62,000 85,000 100,000 170,000
קורדובה ספרד 160,000 200,000 450,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 36,000 30,000 32,000
סביליה ספרד 35,000 40,000 90,000 125,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 46,000 70,000 100,000 126,000 60,000
גרנדה ספרד 60,000 60,000 60,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 90,000 165,000 70,000 70,000 60,000 68,000
מדריד ספרד 80,000 125,000
פריז צרפת 25,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 110,000 160,000 228,000 215,000 280,000 150,000 185,000 210,000 220,000 245,000 455,000
אמסטרדם הולנד 48,000 165,000
רומא איטליה 50,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 33,000 38,000 58,000 70,000 102,000 110,000
נאפולי איטליה 30,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 75,000 114,000 209,000 215,000 224,000 265,000
מילאנו איטליה 25,000 20,000 30,000 42,000 45,000 60,000 65,000 60,000 50,000 80,000 83,000 89,000 75,000 98,000 107,000 105,000
פלרמו איטליה 35,000 75,000 90,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 35,000 25,000 39,000 60,000 70,000 105,000 132,000
ונציה איטליה 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 110,000 85,000 110,000 100,000 115,000 171,000 157,000 151,000 134,000
פראג הרפובליקה הצ'כית 15,000 22,000 40,000 50,000 95,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 110,000
אתונה יון 25,000 35,000 35,000 33,000
קונסטנטינופול/
איסטנבול		 טורקיה 250,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 75,000 45,000 200,000 660,000 680,000 700,000 700,000
סראי רוסיה 80,000 100,000 120,000
מוסקבה רוסיה 30,000 80,000 75,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
עיר מדינה 1675 1700 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1862 1875 1900 1914 1925 1936 1950 1975
לונדון הממלכה המאוחדת 485,000 550,000 676,000 710,000 861,000 1,335,000 2,320,000 2,803,000 4,241,000 6,480,000 7,419,000 7,742,000 9,710,000 8,860,000 10,500,000
ליסבון פורטוגל 178,000 188,000 213,000 219,000 237,000 258,000 262,000 280,000 243,000 363,000 455,000 567,000 875,000 1,600,000
קורדובה (ספרד) ספרד 27,000 28,000 34,000 52,000
סביליה ספרד 80,000 68,000 96,000 83,000 117,000 148,000 212,000 383,000 685,000
גרנדה ספרד 35,000 45,000 53,000 58,000 75,000
מדריד ספרד 115,000 105,000 110,000 132,000 182,000 201,000 216,000 303,000 373,000 539,000 623,000 791,000 1,220,000 1,527,000 4,150,000
פריז צרפת 540,000 530,000 556,000 600,000 547,000 855,000 1,314,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 3,330,000 4,000,000 4,800,000 5,950,000 5,900,000 9,400,000
אמסטרדם הולנד 195,000 210,000 219,000 209,000 195,000 196,000 225,000 268,000 289,000 510,000 601,000 718,000 859,000 1,800,000
רומא איטליה 105,000 138,000 146,000 148,000 142,000 125,000 158,000 194,000 251,000 438,000 570,000 758,000 1,155,000 1,665,000 3,600,000
נאפולי איטליה 170,000 207,000 310,000 355,000 430,000 350,000 413,000 447,000 450,000 563,000 691,000 852,000 1,210,000 1,900,000
מילאנו איטליה 114,000 113,000 110,000 117,000 122,000 156,000 182,000 226,000 267,000 491,000 655,000 917,000 1,103,000 1,400,000 3,800,000
פלרמו איטליה 128,000 125,000 111,000 127,000 135,000 154,000 170,000 175,000 188,000 255,000 370,000 470,000 672,000
ונציה איטליה 138,000 143,000 158,000 151,000 146,000 99,000 141,000 171,000 226,000 354,000
ברלין גרמניה 26,000 113,000 136,000 172,000 222,000 446,000 582,000 1,045,000 2,707,000 3,500,000 4,013,000 4,226,000 3,707,000 2,000,000
בודפשט הונגריה - - - - - - - - 309,208 733,385 880,371 960,995 1,060,431 1,629,000 2,026,543
פראג הרפובליקה הצ'כית 48,000 58,000 77,000 98,000 117,000 474,000 670,000 745,000 951,000 1,275,000
אתונה יון 30,000 181,000 571,000 1,140,000 3,300,000
קונסטנטינופול/
איסטנבול		 טורקיה 750,000 700,000 625,000 600,000 570,000 675,000 785,000 820,000 873,000 900,000 1,125,000 817,000 1,035,000 3,200,000
אדירנה טורקיה 100,000 85,000 82,000 80,000 88,000 85,000
מוסקבה רוסיה 105,000 114,000 146,000 177,000 248,000 257,000 373,000 346,000 600,000 1,120,000 1,805,000 1,764,000 4,050,000 5,100,000 10,700,000
סנט פטרסבורג רוסיה 74,000 164,000 220,000 438,000 502,000 565,000 764,000 1,439,000 2,133,000 1,430,000 2,983,000 2,700,000 4,280,000

ראו גם

הערות שוליים

  1. ^ Thomas, C.G.; Conant, C. (2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-253-00325-6.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Ian Morris (12 בדצמבר 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF). נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  4. ^ Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-313-28946-0.
  5. ^ Schwartz, G.M.; Nichols, J.J. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8165-2936-0.
  6. ^ "Urban History of Athens Presentation" (PDF). 9 בדצמבר 2008. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  7. ^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-166386-4.
  8. ^ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895.
  9. ^ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0.
  10. ^ O'Sullivan, L. (2009). The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics. Brill. p. 110. ISBN 9789004178885.
  11. ^ Robert. "Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy". history-world.org. אורכב מ-המקור ב-15 בדצמבר 2014. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  12. ^ "BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment". bbc.co.uk. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  13. ^ "The population of Sparta and Athens". ancientgreekbattles.net. אורכב מ-המקור ב-8 באוקטובר 2014. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ian Morris (12 בדצמבר 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF). נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  15. ^ Rocca, S. (2008). Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 333. ISBN 978-3-16-149717-9.
  16. ^ Lathrop, D.; Ruma, L. (2010). Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4493-8880-5.
  17. ^ Moreno, A. (2007). Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-922840-9.
  18. ^ Van Wees, H. (2013). Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-686-7.
  19. ^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. OUP Oxford. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-964579-4.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Keith Roberts (2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Columbia Business School Pub. ISBN 978-0-231-52685-2.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Beck, H. (2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Wiley. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-118-30318-4.
  22. ^ Troy Dora P. Crouch Professor Emerita Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY (1993). Geology and Settlement : Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-535943-5.
  23. ^ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism. L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-55652-048-8.
  24. ^ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-28751-0.
  25. ^ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34046-2.
  26. ^ Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Castleden, R. (2002). Atlantis Destroyed. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-134-70879-6.
  28. ^ Freeman, C. (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-150970-4.
  29. ^ Thornton, I.; New, T. (2007). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-139-46231-0.
  30. ^ Kupp, R.W. (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford Publishing. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-4120-5003-6.
  31. ^ "New York Magazine". Newyorkmetro.com. New York Media, LLC: 73. 1990-03-05. ISSN 0028-7369.
  32. ^ "Civilization.ca – Greece: Secrets of the Past – Fast Facts". historymuseum.ca. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  33. ^ Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes: a planetary perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854033-5.
  34. ^ Yahya, H. (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Ta-Ha. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-897940-99-0.
  35. ^ Stewart, I. (2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-4481-4942-1.
  36. ^ Hooke, N. (1818). The Roman history, from the building of Rome to the ruin of the commonwealth... New ed. Printed for F.C. and J. Rivington. p. 17.
  37. ^ Lemprière, J. (1842). A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Full Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with Tables of Coins, Weights, and Measures, in Use Among the Greeks and Romans. To which is Now Prefixed, a Chronological Table. T. Allman. p. 26.
  38. ^ Royal Institution of Great Britain (1828). Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts. James Eastburn. p. 98.
  39. ^ Maynard, J. (2005). The Light of Alexandria. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4116-5335-1.
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Rollin, C.; Bell, J. (1870). The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedonians: including a history of the arts and sciences of the ancients. Harper & Brothers. p. 286.
  41. ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (18 באפריל 2013). Caesar: The Life Of A Colossus. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-86400-4. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  42. ^ Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1 בינואר 1996). New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. ISBN 978-0-88104-079-1. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  43. ^ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-לפנה"ס 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29126-2.
  44. ^ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia; Moretti, A.M.S.; Italy. Soprintendenza archeologica per l'Etruria meridionale (2001). The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882650124.
  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 Turfa, J.M.I. (2013). The Etruscan World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-05530-2.
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-29126-2.
  47. ^ Roberts, J.M. (1993). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-19-511504-8.
  48. ^ "p.14-5. Italy: Handbook for Travellers: Southern Italy, Sicily, the Lipari Islands". forgottenbooks.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  49. ^ Cramer, J.A. (1826). A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Italy. Clarendon. p. 205.
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 A Companion to Latin Studies. CUP Archive. 1963. p. 356.
  51. ^ de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-107-01318-6.
  52. ^ Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-38787-3.
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Facaros, D.; Pauls, M. (2004). Italy. Cadogan Guides. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-86011-113-6.
  54. ^ Choirokoitia "Archived copy". אורכב מ-המקור ב-3 באפריל 2014. נבדק ב-2014-04-26. {{cite web}}: (עזרה); (עזרה)
  55. ^ Maric, V. (2009). Cyprus. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-74104-803-2.
  56. ^ MobileReference (2011). Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps (Mobi Travel). MobileReference. ISBN 978-1-61198-124-7.
  57. ^ Bryant, S. (2008). Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages. Wiley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-470-72205-3.
  58. ^ Spilling, M.; Spilling, J.A. (2010). Cyprus. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7614-4855-6.
  59. ^ Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4.
  60. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc (1995). The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-605-9.
  61. ^ Storey, Glenn (30 באפריל 2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1 בינואר 1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  63. ^ HarperCollins (Firm) (1988). HarperCollins atlas of archaeology. Borders Press in association with HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 978-0-7230-1005-0.
  64. ^ Rockwood, C. (1997). Fodor's Greece. Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 978-0-679-03227-4.
  65. ^ 65.0 65.1 Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Taylor & Francis. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-136-19586-0.
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 "Archived copy" (PDF). אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-5 בספטמבר 2008. נבדק ב-2009-12-15. {{cite web}}: (עזרה); (עזרה)
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf
  68. ^ "The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age". Anthony Harding, Harry Fokkens Oxford University Press. 2013. p. 169.
  69. ^ "Analysis of human remains rewrites the story of Stonehenge". University of York. 2013.
  70. ^ "NEWSLETTER – December 2013" (PDF). Andrew Morgan, East Dorset Antiquarian Society. 2013. p. 2.
  71. ^ Gournia, Minoan Crete Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  72. ^ Brewer, S.; Kollias, T. (2011). Frommer's Greece Day by Day. Wiley. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-118-02336-5.
  73. ^ Walsh, J.S.P. (2013). Consumerism in the Ancient World: Imports and Identity Construction. Taylor & Francis. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-317-81284-5.
  74. ^ "World Archaeology News 22 January 2013". archaeology.ws. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  75. ^ "Heuneburg. First city north of the Alps – Current World Archaeology | Manuel Fernandez-Gotz – Academia.edu". academia.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  76. ^ http://www.swr.de/swr4/bw/programm/tuebingen/die-keltenfuerstin-von-der-heuneburg/-/id=259458/did=12483208/nid=259458/1b5ify6/index.html
  77. ^ Osborne, R. (2004). Greek History. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-415-31717-7.
  78. ^ Gosden, C. (2004). Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-521-78795-6.
  79. ^ Gagarin, Michael (2009-12-31). Ancient Greece and Rome. pp. 1–253. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6.
  80. ^ Castleden, R. (2012). Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-96785-8.
  81. ^ "Unicity Europe .:|:. Home". unicityeuro.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  82. ^ Castleden, R. (2002). Minoans. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-134-88064-5.
  83. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-134-25958-8.
  84. ^ Mithen, S. (2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-674-07219-0.
  85. ^ Humphrey, J.W. (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-313-32763-6.
  86. ^ 86.0 86.1 Denemark, R.A.; Friedman, J.; Gills, B.K.; Modelski, G. (2002). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-57144-4.
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Rodney Castelden (3 באוגוסט 2005). "Minoans – Life_in_Bronze_Age Crete" (PDF). נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  88. ^ "Concepts in Urbanization and Early State Formation: The Case of Minoan Crete, v8 | Donald Jones – Academia.edu". academia.edu. אורכב מ-המקור ב-16 ינואר 2016. נבדק ב-24 ספטמבר 2014.
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 "Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean | MacSweeney | Papers from the Institute of Archaeology". pia-journal.co.uk. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  90. ^ Tellier, Luc-Normand (1 בינואר 2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. PUQ. ISBN 9782760522091. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  91. ^ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew". abuss.narod.ru. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  92. ^ "THE EARLY HELLADIC GRAVES OF MANIKA : CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE" (PDF). 6 נובמבר 2007. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-4 מרץ 2016. נבדק ב-24 ספטמבר 2014.
  93. ^ Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Classics Dept (1988). Old World Archaeology Newsletter. ISSN 0732-1635.
  94. ^ Brünn. Moravské muzeum Oddĕleni pro diluvium "Anthropos". (2001). Anthropologie. Moravské muzeum, Ústav Anthropos. ISSN 0323-1119.
  95. ^ Erika Weiberg (12 בפברואר 2007). "Thinking the Bronze Age" (PDF). נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  96. ^ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-118-25519-3.
  97. ^ http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:169578/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  98. ^ Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 בינואר 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-24792-0. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  99. ^ "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization".
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies
  101. ^ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Becker, H.W.; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Classics (2007). Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria During the Archaic and Classical Periods: The World of Lars Porsenna. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-549-55849-1.
  102. ^ De Puy, W.H. (1887). The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: With Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life ... Eaton & Mains.
  103. ^ Ching, F.D.K.; Jarzombek, M.M.; Prakash, V. (2010). A Global History of Architecture. Wiley. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-118-00739-6.
  104. ^ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people ... Appleton. 1865. p. 151.
  105. ^ Nielsen, T.H. (2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Steiner. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-515-08438-3.
  106. ^ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-82327-5.
  107. ^ Niebuhr, B.G. (1853). Lectures on Ancient Ethography and Geography: Comprising Greece and Her Colonies, Epirus, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, the North of Africa, Etc. Walton Maberly. p. 261.
  108. ^ Cicero, M.T.; Kelsall, C. (1812). The Two Last Pleadings of Marcus Tullius Cicero Against Caius Verres. White, Cochrane, and Company. p. 348.
  109. ^ Wiseman, N.P. (1839). The Dublin Review. Tablet Publishing Company. p. 483.
  110. ^ Schneider, W. (1963). Babylon is Everywhere: The City as Man's Fate. McGraw-Hill.
  111. ^ Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  112. ^ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world. Doubleday.
  113. ^ Glotz, G. (2013). Ancient Greece at Work. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-136-19558-7.
  114. ^ Crawford, M.H.; Whitehead, D. (1983). Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-521-29638-0.
  115. ^ Grant, M. (2012). The Rise Of The Greeks. Orion. ISBN 978-1-78022-275-2.
  116. ^ Tsetskhladze, G.R. (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Brill. ISBN 9789004122048.
  117. ^ Durant, W. (2011). The Life of Greece: The Story of Civilization. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4758-7.
  118. ^ Yasur-Landau, A. (2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-139-48587-6.
  119. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  120. ^ Oppenheimer, Michael (1 בינואר 2002). The Monuments of Italy: A Regional Survey of Art, Architecture and Archaeology from Classical to Modern Times. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-570-9. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  121. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=9sAJAAAAIAAJ&q=late+6th+century+tarentum+population+300,000&dq=late+6th+century+tarentum+population+300,000&hl=da&sa=X&ei=fcC1U8yvN8PO0AWMloDYDQ&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAw] By William Darrach Halsey and Emanuel Friedman.
  122. ^ The Anthropogene (אורכב 08.10.2007 בארכיון Wayback Machine)
  123. ^ Kohl, Philip L. (22 בינואר 2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46199-3. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  124. ^ Baumer, Christoph (11 בדצמבר 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-060-5. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  125. ^ "Greece during the Late Bronze Age | Jorrit Kelder – Academia.edu". academia.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  126. ^ Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux (2006). Jaarbericht.
  127. ^ Buck, Robert J. (1 בינואר 1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN 978-0-88864-051-2. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  128. ^ Clinton, Henry Fynes (1 בינואר 1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  129. ^ Lemprière, John; Ogilby, John David (1 בינואר 1839). Bibliotheca Classica, Or A Dictionary of All the Principal Names and Terms Relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature and Mythology of Antiquity and of the Ancients: With a Chronological Table. W.E. Dean. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  130. ^ Chapman, Robert (19 באפריל 1990). Emerging Complexity: The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23207-4. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  131. ^ "Los Millares – Chalcolithic Site of Los Millares". archaeology.about.com. אורכב מ-המקור ב-7 ינואר 2017. נבדק ב-24 ספטמבר 2014.
  132. ^ Haas, Jonathan (31 באוקטובר 2001). From Leaders to Rulers. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-46421-8. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  133. ^ "Ancient Greek city digitally recreated – Archaeology – Science – The Independent". independent.co.uk. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  134. ^ "The Archaeology News Network: Divers to excavate 3500BC underwater city". archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  135. ^ 135.0 135.1 Prof. John P. Adams, Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures. "Roman Census Figures". csun.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  136. ^ 136.0 136.1 Livy (8 בנובמבר 2007). Rome's Mediterranean Empire: Books 41-45 and the Periochae. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-160539-0. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  137. ^ 137.0 137.1 https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13797/Appenduices_Bibliography.pdf?sequence=19
  138. ^ 138.0 138.1 Cornell (1995) 204-5
  139. ^ 139.0 139.1 Aldrete, Gregory S. (30 בינואר 2007). Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8405-4. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  140. ^ 140.0 140.1 Harris, P. M. G. (1 בינואר 2001). The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97131-1. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  141. ^ 141.0 141.1 "Size and Virtue | Francisco Herreros – Academia.edu". academia.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  142. ^ 142.0 142.1 Ward, Lorne H. (1 בינואר 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. doi:10.2307/295257. JSTOR 295257. {{cite journal}}: (עזרה)
  143. ^ 143.0 143.1 John Rich (11 באוגוסט 2010). "Warfare and the Army in Early Rome" (PDF). נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  144. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  145. ^ Goldsworthy, A. (2013). Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-88181-8.
  146. ^ Fulminante, F. (2014). The Urbanisation of Rome andLatium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-107-65584-3.
  147. ^ Berthold, R.M. (1984). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age. Cornell University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8014-7597-9.
  148. ^ Gibbon, Edward (12 בדצמבר 2002). History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. Palm Digital Media Group. ISBN 978-0-7408-1698-7. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  149. ^ Stark, Rodney (1 בינואר 1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02749-8. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  150. ^ Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
  151. ^ Horodowich, E. (2013). A Brief History of Venice. Constable & Robinson Limited. ISBN 978-1-4721-0774-9.
  152. ^ 152.0 152.1 152.2 152.3 152.4 Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-091274-6.
  153. ^ Boyle, N. (2008). German Literature: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-157863-2.
  154. ^ 154.0 154.1 154.2 Armstrong, A.; Hamer, J. (2002). The European Reformation, 1500–1610. Heinemann Educational. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-435-32710-1.
  155. ^ 155.0 155.1 Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-107-49556-2.
  156. ^ 156.0 156.1 McIntosh, T. (1997). Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650–1750. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8078-5063-3.
  157. ^ Sheehan, J.J. (1993). German History, 1770–1866. Clarendon Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-820432-9.
  158. ^ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 Morris, T.A. (2002). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-134-74819-8.
  159. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 270. ISBN 9782760522091.
  160. ^ The Book of Commerce by Sea and Land … To which are Added a History of Commerce, and a Chronological Table … Illustrated by a Map and Numerous Engravings. Allen & Ticknor. 1834. p. 173.
  161. ^ 161.0 161.1 The American Travellers' Guides: Hand-books for Travellers in Europe and the East, Being a Guide Through Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Spain, and Portugal. Fetridge & Company. 1 בינואר 1865. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  162. ^ 162.0 162.1 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  163. ^ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 163.4 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 311. ISBN 9782760522091.
  164. ^ Hinds, K. (2009). Everyday Life in the Renaissance. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7614-4483-1.
  165. ^ 165.0 165.1 165.2 ""The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer – Academia.edu". academia.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  166. ^ Steves, R.; Smith, S. (2013). Rick Steves' Provence & the French Riviera. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61238-874-8.
  167. ^ Durrell, L. (1994). Provence. Arcade Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-55970-247-8.
  168. ^ 168.0 168.1 168.2 de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-32208-9.
  169. ^ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-323-14402-5.
  170. ^ 170.0 170.1 170.2 170.3 170.4 Stark, R. (1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-691-02749-4.
  171. ^ 171.0 171.1 171.2 171.3 Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-04507-0.
  172. ^ 172.00 172.01 172.02 172.03 172.04 172.05 172.06 172.07 172.08 172.09 172.10 172.11 172.12 Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-36357-0.
  173. ^ 173.0 173.1 173.2 173.3 Delon, M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Taylor & Francis. p. 370. ISBN 978-1-135-95998-2.
  174. ^ 174.0 174.1 Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2013. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-136-19641-6.
  175. ^ Nicholas, D.M. (2014). The Later Medieval City: 1300–1500. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-90187-7.
  176. ^ Gerli, E.M.; Armistead, S.G. (2003). Medieval Iberia. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-415-93918-8.
  177. ^ 177.0 177.1 Spruyt, Hendrik (1 בינואר 1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691029105. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  178. ^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 160.
  179. ^ 179.00 179.01 179.02 179.03 179.04 179.05 179.06 179.07 179.08 179.09 179.10 179.11 179.12 179.13 179.14 Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (24 בספטמבר 2013). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483271255. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  180. ^ Zuffi, S. (2006). European Art of the Sixteenth Century. J.P. Getty Museum. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-89236-846-4.
  181. ^ 181.0 181.1 181.2 Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-51737-2.
  182. ^ 182.0 182.1 Serrano, A.; Viguera, M.J.; López, J.P.; Méndez, J.M.C.; Fundación José Manuel Lara; Legado Andalusí; Alcázar (Seville, Spain) (2006). IBN JALDUN: STUDIES. Fundación El Legado Andalusí. p. 193. ISBN 9788496556348.
  183. ^ Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile [[:תבנית:Not a typo]]: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (עזרה)
  184. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-136-63944-9.
  185. ^ 185.0 185.1 de Ligt, L.; Northwood, S.J. (2008). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. Brill. p. 150. ISBN 9789004171183.
  186. ^ 186.0 186.1 Goff, J.L. (2009). The Birth of Europe. Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4051-3726-3.
  187. ^ 187.00 187.01 187.02 187.03 187.04 187.05 187.06 187.07 187.08 187.09 187.10 Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler (30 בנובמבר 2009). "International trade and institutional change" (PDF). אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-3 בספטמבר 2015. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  188. ^ Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-6310-1.
  189. ^ Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-19-976835-6.
  190. ^ 190.0 190.1 Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-521-36357-0.
  191. ^ Gunn, Angus M. (1 בינואר 2008). Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313087479. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  192. ^ Jeffers, James S. (7 באוקטובר 1999). The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era: Exploring the Background of Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1589-0. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  193. ^ Friesen, Steve; Schowalter, Daniel N.; Walters, James (14 ביוני 2010). Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004181977. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  194. ^ Jensen, Irving L. (1 ביוני 1982). Jensen Survey-2 Volume Set -Old and New Testaments. Moody Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8024-8287-7. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  195. ^ Morris, L. (1985). The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. Inter-Varsity Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8028-0064-0.
  196. ^ 196.0 196.1 Annette Lindblom. "History 303: Populations". tulane.edu. אורכב מ-המקור ב-26 באוגוסט 2015. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  197. ^ "Europe in 1500". remus.shidler.hawaii.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  198. ^ Rosser, John H. (1 בינואר 2012). Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810875678. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  199. ^ Bunson, Matthew (1 בינואר 1991). A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195102338. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  200. ^ Brown, Neville (29 ביוני 2005). History and Climate Change: A Eurocentric Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 9781134977598. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  201. ^ Davis, R. H. C. (16 באוגוסט 2013). A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis. Routledge. ISBN 9781317867890. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  202. ^ Hoffmann, Richard (10 באפריל 2014). An Environmental History of Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521876964. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  203. ^ Dawson, Christopher (9 באוגוסט 2012). Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson). CUA Press. ISBN 9780813218182. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  204. ^ Collins, Paul (1 בינואר 2013). The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610390149. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  205. ^ 205.0 205.1 205.2 "Archived copy". אורכב מ-המקור ב-28 מרץ 2014. נבדק ב-22 יוני 2014. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  206. ^ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000". geography.about.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  207. ^ 207.0 207.1 Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN 9789004180079.
  208. ^ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-134-12975-1.
  209. ^ Dudley, L. (2008). Information Revolutions in the History of the West. Edward Elgar. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84844-280-1.
  210. ^ "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt" (PDF). 29 בספטמבר 2010. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-24 באוגוסט 2014. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  211. ^ 211.0 211.1 Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-00795-3.
  212. ^ 212.0 212.1 212.2 212.3 212.4 212.5 Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-521-04507-0.
  213. ^ Grigg, D.B. (1980). Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-29635-9.
  214. ^ Duffy, S. (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-135-94824-5.
  215. ^ Hudson, B.T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
  216. ^ Hansen, M.H.; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 255. ISBN 9788778761774.
  217. ^ 217.0 217.1 217.2 217.3 217.4 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  218. ^ "Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy". italyworldclub.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  219. ^ 219.0 219.1 Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-134-63620-4.
  220. ^ 220.0 220.1 Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
  221. ^ 221.0 221.1 Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-927460-4.
  222. ^ M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
  223. ^ Lodge, R. Anthony (1 בינואר 1993). French, from Dialect to Standard. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-08071-2. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  224. ^ Campbell, B.M.S.; Overton, M. (1991). Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity. Manchester University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7190-3171-7.
  225. ^ Cohn, S.K.; Aiton, D. (2012). Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-107-02780-0.
  226. ^ Ripley, G. (2012). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge... Nabu Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-276-65397-8.
  227. ^ Oppenheimer, P. (2002). Rubens: A Portrait. Cooper Square Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8154-1209-0.
  228. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  229. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 260. ISBN 9782760522091.
  230. ^ Meyer, M.C.; Beezley, W.H. (2000). The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-511228-3.
  231. ^ 231.0 231.1 231.2 231.3 231.4 231.5 Koenigsberger, H.G.; Mosse, G.L.; Bowler, G. (2014). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-87586-4.
  232. ^ 232.0 232.1 HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03873-8.
  233. ^ Allen, W.E.D. (2014). The Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-107-64186-0.
  234. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  235. ^ SJ, L.F.; Reff, D.T.; Danford, R. (2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois SJ, with a Critical Introduction by Daniel T Reff: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-317-91781-6.
  236. ^ 236.0 236.1 Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-136-51738-9.
  237. ^ http://www.ctcwd.com/rrose/websites/london/history.htm(הקישור אינו פעיל)
  238. ^ Armstrong, L.; Elbl, M.M.; Elbl, I.; Armstrong, L.D.; Munro, J.H.A. (2007). Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H.A. Munro. Brill. p. 375. ISBN 9789004156333.
  239. ^ "London Population". londononline.co.uk. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  240. ^ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". demographia.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  241. ^ Self, A. (2014). The Birds of London. A&C Black. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4081-9404-1.
  242. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. ISBN 9782760522091.
  243. ^ "Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages". thefinertimes.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  244. ^ Thirsk, J.; Chartres, J. (1990). Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500–1750. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-36881-0.
  245. ^ 245.0 245.1 245.2 245.3 245.4 245.5 245.6 245.7 Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144.
  246. ^ Bromwich, J. (2013). The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook. Taylor & Francis. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-135-10372-9.
  247. ^ Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4.
  248. ^ Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4.
  249. ^ 249.0 249.1 249.2 249.3 249.4 Bachrach, B. (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Brill. p. 67. ISBN 9789004244771.
  250. ^ 250.0 250.1 Knecht, R.J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562–1598. Osprey. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84176-395-8.
  251. ^ 251.0 251.1 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  252. ^ Rogers, C.J.; DeVries, K.; France, J. (2012). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-84383-747-3.
  253. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1 באוגוסט 1999). Western Civilization. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-534-56837-5. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  254. ^ 254.0 254.1 254.2 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 266. ISBN 9782760522091.
  255. ^ Gamrath, H. (2007). Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882654269.
  256. ^ Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-956273-2.
  257. ^ Morley, Neville (19 בדצמבר 2002). Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC-AD 200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89331-2. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  258. ^ Macadam, Alta; Rossiter, Stuart; Blanchard, Paul; Muirhead, Findlay; Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio (1 בינואר 1971). Northern Italy, from Alps to Florence. A & C Black. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  259. ^ Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve. מסת"ב 2-7160-0115-4 תבנית:In lang
  260. ^ Peters, G. (2012). The Musical Sounds of Medieval French Cities: Players, Patrons, and Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-139-57678-9.
  261. ^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  262. ^ Colton, T.J. (1998). Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Harvard University Press. p. 757. ISBN 978-0-674-58749-6.
  263. ^ "Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn – Napoli – La Storia". szn.it. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  264. ^ "Camper Club la Granda Italia: Home". camperclublagranda.it. אורכב מ-המקור ב-22 יולי 2011. נבדק ב-24 ספטמבר 2014.
  265. ^ "Campagne e città europee nel XVI secolo | babilonia61". babilonia61.com. אורכב מ-המקור ב-7 יולי 2011. נבדק ב-24 ספטמבר 2014.
  266. ^ Tuchman, B.W. (2011). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. Random House Publishing Group. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-307-79369-0.
  267. ^ Marino, J.A. (2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8018-9939-3.
  268. ^ P. Faiella, A.P.M.Z. (2007). Naples. Bonechi. ISBN 9788847621053.
  269. ^ The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the time of the Carolingians By Edda Claus.
  270. ^ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8014-9245-7.
  271. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-63951-7.
  272. ^ Mihalevich (25 בספטמבר 2013). "The Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes, France" (PDF). אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-26 במרץ 2014. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  273. ^ Russell, Josiah Cox (1 בינואר 1958). Late Ancient and Medieval Population. American Philosophical Society. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  274. ^ van Gelderen, M.; Skinner, Q. (2002). Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-80203-1.
  275. ^ Coon, L.L.; Haldane, K.J.; Sommer, E.W. (1990). That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity. University Press of Virginia. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-8139-1293-6.
  276. ^ 276.0 276.1 McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0.
  277. ^ Ring, T.; Salkin, R.M.; Boda, S.L. (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
  278. ^ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-520-08429-2.
  279. ^ Roma, Lozzi (1 בינואר 1999). Archaeological Rome as it was, as it is. Lozzi Roma. ISBN 9788886843881. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  280. ^ Paul Norton. ":: TRAVEL THRU HISTORY – History". travelthruhistory.com. אורכב מ-המקור ב-14 באפריל 2014. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  281. ^ Tigay, A.M. (1994). The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights. Jason Aronson. p. 436. ISBN 978-1-56821-078-0.
  282. ^ Garwood, D. (2009). Mediterranean Europe. Lonely Planet. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-74104-856-8.
  283. ^ 283.0 283.1 Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9.
  284. ^ Mansbach, Richard W.; Taylor, Kirsten L. (17 ביוני 2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781136517389. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  285. ^ "Regeneration". english.upenn.edu. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  286. ^ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-59884-996-7.
  287. ^ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub. p. 1316. ISBN 978-0-8240-4444-2.
  288. ^ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-89414-7.
  289. ^ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  290. ^ Bock, Darrell L. (1 ביולי 2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2451-1. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  291. ^ MacArthur, J.F. (1996). Acts 13-28 MacArthur New Testament Commentary. Moody Publishers. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-57567-600-5.
  292. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 247. ISBN 9782760522091.
  293. ^ Corvey), Widukind (of (1 בדצמבר 2014). Deeds of the Saxons. CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2693-4. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  294. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 290. ISBN 9782760522091.
  295. ^ 295.0 295.1 HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03873-8.
  296. ^ Bairoch, Paul; Braider, Christopher (18 ביוני 1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  297. ^ Freeman, Charles (15 בפברואר 2011). AD 381: Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-1924-3. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  298. ^ Gross, Hanns (22 באפריל 2004). Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89378-7. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  299. ^ Brown, Peter (18 בדצמבר 2012). The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-33881-0. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  300. ^ Chew, Sing C. (19 בדצמבר 2006). The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1402-9. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  301. ^ Heiken, Grant; Funiciello, Renato; Rita, Donatella de (24 באוקטובר 2013). The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4937-6. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  302. ^ Lane, M.Y. (2013). Approach the Throne. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-4827-0574-4.
  303. ^ Lodge, R.A. (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-08071-2.
  304. ^ Zelnik, R.E.; Columbia University. Russian Institute (1971). Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855–1870. Stanford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8047-0740-4.
  305. ^ Butlin, R.A.; Dodgshon, R.A. (1998). An Historical Geography of Europe. Clarendon Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-19-874179-4.
  306. ^ Magocsi, P.R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7.
  307. ^ "Golden Horde (ancient division, Mongol Empire) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  308. ^ Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 304. ISBN 9782760522091.
  309. ^ Marino, John A. (29 בדצמבר 2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801899393. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  310. ^ Smith, T.B.; Steinhoff, J.B. (2012). Art as Politics in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena. Ashgate. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4094-0066-0.
  311. ^ McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 811. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0.
  312. ^ Treadgold, W.T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 702. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
  313. ^ Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit. p. 196. ISBN 978-3-643-50190-5.
  314. ^ Barber, R. (2004). Once Upon a Time. Sword of the Lord Publishers. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-87398-639-7.
  315. ^ Wilton, C.C. (2012). The Wilton Translation of the New Testament. Trafford Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-4669-0856-7.
  316. ^ "AntiquitiesCard" (PDF). TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY. 8 במרץ 2012. נבדק ב-2014-09-24. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)
  317. ^ LaVerne, F.K. (1991). Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train. Globe Pequot Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-7627-6163-0.
  318. ^ Baker, M. (2013). Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer. Dorrance Publishing Company. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4809-0187-2.
  319. ^ Pailler, Jean-Marie (2015). Toulouse, naissance d’une ville. Editions Midi-Pyrénéennes.
  320. ^ Benedict, P. (2005). Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-89218-1.
  321. ^ Lepage, J.D.G.G. (2010). Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-7864-6027-4.
  322. ^ Lot, F. (2013). The End of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-20233-9.
  323. ^ Le Stang, Anne (2012). Histoire de Toulouse illustrée. Le pérégrinateur éditeur.
  324. ^ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 257. ISBN 9789004252523.
  325. ^ Abulafia, D. (2004). Italy in the Central Middle Ages. OUP Oxford. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-924704-2.
  326. ^ Miller, M.C. (1993). The Formation of a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950-1150. Cornell University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8014-2837-1.
  327. ^ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3.
  328. ^ "OpenStax CNX". cnx.org. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  329. ^ Ungewitter, F.H. (1852). Europe, past and Present: A Comprehensive Manual of European Geography and History,[etc.]. G.P.Putnam. p. 50.
  330. ^ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-85916-5.
  331. ^ Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. OUP Oxford. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-19-960235-3.
  332. ^ Singh, S.J.; Haberl, H.; Chertow, M.; Mirtl, M.; Schmid, M. (2012). Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales. Springer. p. 251. ISBN 9789400711778.
  333. ^ Ziak, Karl (1 בינואר 1964). Unvergängliches Wien: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Europa-Verlag. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  334. ^ Boissonnade (5 בספטמבר 2013). Life & Work In Medieval Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19641-6. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  335. ^ "See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)". Ethesis.net. 1914-11-23. נבדק ב-2013-09-13.
  336. ^ Nicholas, D.M.; Nicholas, P.H.D. (2014). Medieval Flanders. Taylor & Francis. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-317-90155-6.
  337. ^ Zimmerman, L.M.; Veith, I. (1993). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman Pub. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-930405-53-3.
  338. ^ Encyclopedia Americana: Wilmot Proviso to Zygote. Scholastic Library Pub. 1 בינואר 2006. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6. {{cite book}}: (עזרה)
  339. ^ "Ypres (Belgium) -- Encyclopædia Britannica". global.britannica.com. נבדק ב-2014-09-24.
  340. ^ Hohenberg, Paul M.; Lees, Lynn Hollen (1985). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1950. קיימברידג' (מסצ'וסטס): Harvard University Press. p. 11.
הערך באדיבות ויקיפדיה האנגלית, קרדיט,
רשימת התורמים
רישיון cc-by-sa 3.0
אוחזר מתוך "https://www.hamichlol.org.il/w/index.php?title=היסטוריית_אוכלוסיות_הערים_הגדולות_באירופה&oldid=1792493"